CATULLO CAVES

On the southern coast of Garda Lake, at the end of Sirmione boasting a splendid view there are Roman villa remnants known for centuries as the "Cave di Catullo”, the most magnificent example of private building in the entire northern Italy. In Renaissance name of "caves" was used to interned and collapsed structures, covered by vegetation, within penetrated as in natural cavities.
Tradition dates back to the 15th and 16th century has identified this complex as Catullo’s family villa, the Latin poet who died in 54 BC. According to the testimonial Catullo verses is certain that he had a residence in Sirmione, but it’s only possible that it was precisely in this area. Sirmione is known in the ancient world for being a station stop (mansio) along the major road that joined Brescia to Verona. The first detailed representation of villa ruins is a relief of beginning of 19th century.
Large excavations were carried out by Jerome Orti Manara, which published the results in a still vital opera.
Superintendence began excavations in 1939-40 and restorations in 1948 acquired the entire area, allowing all the protection immersed in its natural environment. Recent surveys have allowed to verify the existence of an earlier building in the rooms below the southern sector and confirms that the construction has been built by a single project that has defined the orientation and distribution of internal spaces according to a precise axial and symmetry criterion.
The villa, which has rectangles plant (m 167 x 105), including two foreparts on short sides, covers a total area of more than two hectares. To overcome the inclination of the rocky bank on which were supported foundations of the building, were created large rooms built, while in some areas became necessary imposing cutting rock. The remains are currently stored on several levels: the northern sector, for example, have remained only grandiose buildings, but nothing has kept the residential rooms, which have fallen already in antiquity.
Ancient Romany indicated by the word "terme" bathrooms both private and public, while for us today this word refers to establishments that exploit hot water source. In Catullo caves the baths were built in the southern part in the second century AC, about a century after villa construction.
Thermal sector has a territory of almost 800 square meters and includes various environments. Unfortunately, some of these rooms were damaged and then today it’s difficult to rebuild their exact function. The best preserved area is called "pool". This is a large rectangular room that housed a bathtub. The floor was raised to the latter, probably supported by pillars, and was above the arches along the walls. Behind the pool was an area where probably was on fire (= praefurnium). Hot air and smoke products entered in a hollow that surrounds the pool and had to get up to the ceiling. Through the arches this air circulated in the area also below the floor (= ipocausto) and the room was so heated. Manufacturers have used many bricks in the walls so heat doesn’t disperse so easily.
Because its characteristics is probably that this area was the tepidarium, bathroom room with warm water tub. The area for hot water (the calidarium) was smaller and instead to have one big pool, had small tanks placed at the corners of the room and not intended to swim, but to immerse a part of the body. Even the calidarium was located near the heating oven. Finally, the area for cold water (frigidarium) had in the center a little deep tub on whose edges, decorated mosaic, people could sit. In Catullo caves are also other areas, in addition to those described, whose function is not clear. To decorate walls were used stucco, found during the excavations. In the bathtub were not used fresh water because of the considerable drop that separates lake from the building. To solve the water problem were built in the thermal area three tanks which was collecting rainwater. Two of these tanks are located behind the pool, while the third, once misinterpreted as Catullo "bath" is placed near the villa entrance. Water was extracted from the tank and conveyed to the baths through lead pipes, the so-called fistulas, that in Ancient Rome were typical water pipes.
In public baths, which were more complex than private, in addition to baths rooms there were locker rooms, gymnasiums, open spaces (such as gardens and courtyards), conference halls, reading rooms, latrines and special areas to take care of body.
Ancient Romany then attended the spa looking also for meeting moments.

INFORMATION
The archaeological area and the annexed Museum (Manara Square Gardens, tel. +39 030 916157) are open every day, except Monday, from 9am to 6pm from April to September, from 9am to 4pm from October to March. From pedestrian area closed to traffic "Catullo cave" can be reached by a short walk (about 15 minutes) or, only in summertime, by an electric train running from Piazza Piatti.